Article Text
Abstract
The brainstem is incredibly complex. It contains nuclei, pathways and structures, many with unusual names such as the olives, medial longitudinal fasciculus and the superior and inferior colliculi. The neurological examination can only assess some of them. This article is designed to help make sense of the signs in the more common brainstem syndromes using ‘the rule of 4’.
Statistics from Altmetric.com
Footnotes
-
Patient consent Obtained.
-
Competing interests None.
-
Provenance and peer review Commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Request Permissions
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.
Copyright information:
Read the full text or download the PDF:
Other content recommended for you
- False localising signs
- Isolated cranial nerve palsies in multiple sclerosis
- Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
- Sudden onset of pain in the eye and blurring of vision
- Pontine lesions mimicking acute peripheral vestibulopathy
- CNS inflammatory demyelinating disorders: MS, NMOSD and MOG antibody associated disease
- Anti-Hu-associated brainstem encephalitis
- Complete bilateral horizontal gaze paralysis disclosing multiple sclerosis
- Oculomotor schwannoma causing a progressive complete third-nerve palsy
- Wall eyed bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia (WEBINO) syndrome as a false localising sign in intracranial haemorrhage due to snake bite