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Introduction
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion by shunting provides effective management of hydrocephalus.1 However, complication rates of CSF shunts range from 5% to 50%.1–3 Most common are shunt infections and mechanical failures; these may lead either to underdrainage (with re-emergence of hydrocephalus) or overdrainage (with intracranial hypotension and its potential complications, eg, subdural hematoma).3 ,4 Misplacement and migration of shunt catheters may cause seizures, intracerebral haemorrhage, and/or focal neurologic deficits, such as hemiparesis.1 ,2 We report a case of hemichorea after CSF shunt placement, and review the literature on CSF shunt-related movement disorders.
Case report
A 20-year-old woman with congenital hydrocephalus treated by CSF shunting presented with a purulent discharge from the site of a recent shunt revision and had a shunt infection. Her previous ventriculoperitoneal shunt was removed and a new ventriculopleural shunt was placed through a left occipital approach. There were no recent medication changes Five days later, she developed debilitating involuntary choreoathetotic movements of the right upper and lower limbs (see online supplementary video 1), interfering with feeding and walking. Her examination, apart from the involuntary movements, was normal, with no rigidity, tremor, weakness, or ataxia. Her serum electrolytes were normal. CT scan of head showed that the shunt catheter tip penetrated the ventricular wall into the brain parenchyma (figure 1); MR scan of brain showed that its tip abutted the posterior aspect of the putamen (figure 2). There was no worsening of hydrocephalus, stroke, or haemorrhage. The shunt was surgically repositioned. Her choreoathetosis started improving immediately postoperatively, and had largely resolved spontaneously at 2 weeks when she was discharged to rehabilitation (see online supplementary video 2)
CT scan of head. Axial and coronal views demonstrating catheter in the brain parenchyma.
MR scan of brain. Axial (T2-FLAIR) and sagittal (T1 postcontrast) views show the cerebrospinal fluid shunt catheter tip terminating in the posterior putamen (arrows).
Discussion
Movement disorders related to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting are rare, though parkinsonism, ataxia, ballism and torticollis may occasionally occur (table 1). We could find only one previous report of shunt-related hemichorea, which, as here, resolved after shunt repositioning.5
Movement disorders complicating shunts
The mechanism of ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt-related movement disorders has been attributed to ‘altered CSF dynamics’,6 whereby shunt obstruction causes acute hydrocephalus, with shearing, torsion, or ischaemia of striatal projections.7–14 Although there is a report of chorea accompanying acute hydrocephalus and resolving after shunting, in that case the movements were generalised and presumed secondary to caudate head compression by the dilated lateral ventricle.15 In our case, the movement disorder probably resulted from direct striatal irritation by the shunt catheter itself, as the movement disorder emerged in the setting of normal shunt function with no radiological evidence of worsening hydrocephalus, and promptly resolved after shunt repositioning.
Conclusion
Hemichorea is an unusual complication of CSF shunt placement. Clinicians should be attentive to focal deficits including unilateral movement disorders in patients with CSF shunts, as prompt surgical intervention may alleviate debilitating neurological symptoms and minimise the risk of long-term complications.
References
Supplementary materials
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Files in this Data Supplement:
- Data supplement 1 - Online video 1
- Data supplement 2 - Online video 2
Footnotes
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Contributors CMdG: original idea, drafted the manuscript, edited images, performed literature review. ALB: original idea, revised the original manuscript and images, critical appraisal of literature review. AYH and MBW: critical review and modifications of the final manuscript; appraisal of literature review and associated media.
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Competing interests None.
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Patient consent Obtained.
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Provenance and peer review Not commissioned. Externally peer reviewed. This paper was reviewed by Tony Amato-Watkins, Cardiff, UK.
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