Limitation | Feature in the history suggesting non-epileptic seizures |
Of modest differentiating value | Ictal injury, seizures from (apparent) sleep, incontinence, tongue biting, pelvic thrusting |
Differentiate but not noticed/described reliably | Duration >3 min, closed eyes during tonic-clonic movements, closed mouth during tonic phase, lack of cyanosis |
Differentiate but not commonly reported | Pre-ictal anxiety symptoms, recall of ictal events, ictal crying, ictal weeping, ophisthotonus, vocalisation during tonic-clonic phase |
Differentiate but require expert observation | Unusually rapid or slow recovery, variation in amplitude but not frequency of motor activity, preserved ictal reactivity to stimuli |
Italics: features depend on witness observation rather than self-report.