Non-dopaminergic involvement in PD
| Evidence of non-dopaminergic involvement in PD | Implications on stage of PD | Author/year |
|---|---|---|
| Lewy bodies first described in non-dopaminergic neurones | Premotor and early motor | Forno, 199617 |
| Neuronal loss in dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus is as marked as in the substantia nigra | Premotor and early motor | Jellinger, 198718 Hirsch, 198719 Halliday, 199013 |
| Cholinergic pediculopontine nucleus neurones and substance P-containing neurones suffer 77% loss in dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus while tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurones appear spared (<5% loss) | Premotor and early motor | Jellinger, 198718 Hirsch, 198719 Halliday, 199013 |
| Complete sparing of medullary dopaminergic neurones reported | Premotor and early motor | Saper, 199120 |
| Lewy body degeneration is prominent in the non-dopaminergic anterior olfactory nucleus | Premotor and early motor | Wakabayashi, 199721 |
| Non catecholaminergic neurones severely depleted in PD in the autonomic system: spinal intermediolateral nucleus 30–40% loss of preganglionic autonomic neurones | Premotor and early motor | Wakabayashi, 199721 |
| Lewy bodies are frequent in the vasoactive intestinal peptide neurones of the enteric nervous system but rare in catecholaminergic cells | Premotor and early motor | Wakabayashi, 199721 |
| Lewy bodies present in both tyrosine hydroxylase+and tyrosine hydroxylase—cells in the cardiac plexus | Premotor and early motor | Wakabayashi, 199721 Iwanaga, 199922 |
| Lewy body degeneration developing in lower brainstem neurones well before the substantia nigra | Premotor and early motor | Braak, 200315 |
| Incidental Lewy bodies identified within pontomedullary neurones in the absence of substantia nigra pathology, but not vice versa | Premotor and early motor | Braak, 200423 |
PD, Parkinson's disease.